Because there were no large and systematic seasonal differences in the amount and ion concentrations of predicted precipitation (not shown), the formulation of wet depositional processes by RAQM2, described in Fig. 2, was consistent for both warm and cold microphysical processes. Regional Air Quality Model 2 (RAQM2; Kajino et al., 2012) offline, coupled with the regional meteorological models, incorporates major atmospheric chemical and dynamic processes, such as emissions of anthropogenic trace species, biomass burning, biogenic and natural (dust and sea salt) aerosol emissions, advection and turbulent diffusion, photochemistry and new particle formation, gas-to-particle conversion of inorganic and organic compounds, Brownian coagulation, CCN and IN activation and cloud microphysical processes, grid-scale liquid-phase chemistry in hydrometeors as well as in aerosol water, subgrid-scale convection and wet scavenging, and dry deposition of gas and particles. W-Cl-, the wet deposition components derived from sea salt, is limited by the traveling distance of LSPs. Stockwell, W. R., Middleton, P., Chang, J. S., and Tang, X.: The second generation regional Acid Deposition Model chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling, J. Geophys. Solazzo, E., Bianconi, R., Pirovano, G., Matthias, V., Vautard, R., Appel, K. W., Bessagnet, B., Brandt, J., Christensen, J. H., Chemel, C., Coll, I., Ferreira, J., Forkel, R., Francis, X. V., Grell, G., Grossi, P., Hansen, A., Miranda, A. I., Moran, M. D., Nopmongco, U., Parnk, M., Sartelet, K. N., Schaap, M., D. Silver, J., Sokhi, R. S., Vira, J., Werhahn, J., Wolke, R., Yarwood, G., Zhang, J., Rao, S. T., and Galmarin, S.: Model evaluation and ensemble modelling of surface-level ozone in Europe and north America in the context of AQMEII, Atmos.

Li, J., Yang, W., Wang, Z., Chen, H., Hu, B., Li, J., Sun, Y., Fu, P., and Zhang, Y.: Modeling study of surface ozone source-receptor relationships in east Asia, Atmos. Ji, D., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Chen, L., Hub, B., Tang, G., Xin, J., Song, T., Wen, T., Sun, Y., Pan, Y., and Liu, Z.: Analysis of heavy pollution episodes in selected cities of northern China, casino z Atmos. Wang, Y. X., Shen, L. L., Wu, S., Mickley, L., He, J. W., and Hao, J.: Sensitivity of surface ozone over China to 2000-2050 global changes of climate and emissions, Atmos. Wesely, M. L.: Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numerical models, Atmos.

The overestimation of T-NO- was most likely due to overestimation of photochemical production or underestimation of the dry and wet deposition rates of T-NO-. Ge, B., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Dong, H., Ji, D., Jiang, Q., Li, J., and Wang, Z.: Nitrogen dioxide measurement by cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy (CAPS) and implications in ozone production efficiency and nitrate formation in Beijing, China, J. Geophys. Walcek, C. J. and Teylor, G. R.: A theoretical method for computing vertical distributions of acidity and sulfate production within cumulus clouds, J. Atmos. Colella, P. and Woodward, P. L.: The piecewise parabolic method (PPM) for gas-dynamical simulations, J. Comput. Hardacre, C., Wild, O., and Emberson, L.: An evaluation of ozone dry deposition in global scale chemistry climate models, Atmos.